Using unused wires on very-large-scale integration chips for power supply decoupling

ABSTRACT

Using unused wires on VLSI chips for power supply decoupling including generating a VLSI chip design by: identifying floating wires in a VLSI chip; placing a via at each intersection between each floating wire and a power rail; determining a number of design rule violations for each via at each intersection; resolving the design rule violations for each via not on a major power rail; resolving the design rule violations for each via on a major power rail after resolving the design rule violations for each via not on a major power rail; after resolving the design rule violations for each via on a major power rail, identifying floating wires without a via; and for each floating wire without a via, identify an intersection with a least number of design rule violations and resolve the number of design rule violations by removing adjacent vias on adjacent wires.

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention

The field of the invention is data processing, or, more specifically,methods, apparatus, and products for using unused wires onvery-large-scale integration chips for power supply decoupling.

Description of Related Art

The development of the EDVAC computer system of 1948 is often cited asthe beginning of the computer era. Since that time, computer systemshave evolved into extremely complicated devices. Today's computers aremuch more sophisticated than early systems such as the EDVAC. Computersystems typically include a combination of hardware and softwarecomponents, application programs, operating systems, processors, buses,memory, input/output devices, and so on. As advances in semiconductorprocessing and computer architecture push the performance of thecomputer higher and higher, more sophisticated computer software hasevolved to take advantage of the higher performance of the hardware,resulting in computer systems today that are much more powerful thanjust a few years ago.

SUMMARY

Methods, systems, and apparatus for using unused wires onvery-large-scale integration (VLSI) chips for power supply decouplingare disclosed in this specification. Using unused wires on VLSI chipsfor power supply decoupling includes generating a VLSI chip design by:identifying floating wires in a VLSI chip, wherein the floating wiresare disconnected from power rails; placing a via at each intersectionbetween each floating wire and a power rail; determining a number ofdesign rule violations for each via at each intersection; resolving thedesign rule violations for each via not on a major power rail, includingkeeping each via not on a major power rail with resolvable design ruleviolations and removing each via not on a major power rail withunresolvable design rule violations; resolving the design ruleviolations for each via on a major power rail after resolving the designrule violations for each via not on a major power rail, includingkeeping each via on a major power rail with resolvable design ruleviolations and removing each via on a major power rail with unresolvabledesign rule violations; after resolving the design rule violations foreach via on a major power rail, identifying floating wires without avia; and for each floating wire without a via, identify an intersectionwith a least number of design rule violations and resolve the number ofdesign rule violations by removing adjacent vias on adjacent wires.

The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of theinvention will be apparent from the following more particulardescriptions of exemplary embodiments of the invention as illustrated inthe accompanying drawings wherein like reference numbers generallyrepresent like parts of exemplary embodiments of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 sets forth a block diagram of an example system configured forusing unused wires on very-large-scale integration (VLSI) chips forpower supply decoupling according to embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 sets forth a block diagram of an example system configured forusing unused wires on VLSI chips for power supply decoupling accordingto embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3 sets forth a block diagram of an example system configured forusing unused wires on VLSI chips for power supply decoupling accordingto embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 4 sets forth a block diagram of an example system configured forusing unused wires on VLSI chips for power supply decoupling accordingto embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5 sets forth a block diagram of an example system configured forusing unused wires on VLSI chips for power supply decoupling accordingto embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 sets forth a block diagram of an example system configured forusing unused wires on VLSI chips for power supply decoupling accordingto embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 7 sets forth a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method forusing unused wires on VLSI chips for power supply decoupling accordingto embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 8 sets forth a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method forusing unused wires on VLSI chips for power supply decoupling accordingto embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 9 sets forth a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method forusing unused wires on VLSI chips for power supply decoupling accordingto embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Exemplary methods, apparatus, and products for using unused wires onVLSI chips for power supply decoupling in accordance with the presentinvention are described with reference to the accompanying drawings,beginning with FIG. 1. FIG. 1 sets forth a block diagram of automatedcomputing machinery comprising an exemplary computing system (152)configured for using unused wires on VLSI chips for power supplydecoupling according to embodiments of the present invention. Thecomputing system (152) of FIG. 1 includes at least one computerprocessor (156) or ‘CPU’ as well as random access memory (168) (‘RAM’)which is connected through a high speed memory bus (166) and bus adapter(158) to processor (156) and to other components of the computing system(152).

Stored in RAM (168) is an operating system (154). Operating systemsuseful in computers configured for using unused wires on VLSI chips forpower supply decoupling according to embodiments of the presentinvention include UNIX™, Linux™, Microsoft Windows™, AIX™, IBM's i OS™,and others as will occur to those of skill in the art. The operatingsystem (154) in the example of FIG. 1 is shown in RAM (168), but manycomponents of such software typically are stored in non-volatile memoryalso, such as, for example, on data storage (170), such as a disk drive.Also stored in RAM is a VLSI chip generator (190), a module for usingunused wires on VLSI chips for power supply decoupling according toembodiments of the present invention.

The computing system (152) of FIG. 1 includes disk drive adapter (172)coupled through expansion bus (160) and bus adapter (158) to processor(156) and other components of the computing system (152). Disk driveadapter (172) connects non-volatile data storage to the computing system(152) in the form of data storage (170). Disk drive adapters useful incomputers configured for using unused wires on VLSI chips for powersupply decoupling according to embodiments of the present inventioninclude Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE′) adapters, Small ComputerSystem Interface (SCSI′) adapters, and others as will occur to those ofskill in the art. Non-volatile computer memory also may be implementedfor as an optical disk drive, electrically erasable programmableread-only memory (so-called ‘EEPROM’ or ‘Flash’ memory), RAM drives, andso on, as will occur to those of skill in the art.

The example computing system (152) of FIG. 1 includes one or moreinput/output (‘I/O’) adapters (178). I/O adapters implementuser-oriented input/output through, for example, software drivers andcomputer hardware for controlling output to display devices such ascomputer display screens, as well as user input from user input devices(181) such as keyboards and mice. The example computing system (152) ofFIG. 1 includes a video adapter (209), which is an example of an I/Oadapter specially designed for graphic output to a display device (180)such as a display screen or computer monitor. Video adapter (209) isconnected to processor (156) through a high speed video bus (164), busadapter (158), and the front side bus (162), which is also a high speedbus.

The exemplary computing system (152) of FIG. 1 includes a communicationsadapter (167) for data communications with other computers and for datacommunications with a data communications network. Such datacommunications may be carried out serially through RS-232 connections,through external buses such as a Universal Serial Bus (‘USB’), throughdata communications networks such as IP data communications networks,and in other ways as will occur to those of skill in the art.Communications adapters implement the hardware level of datacommunications through which one computer sends data communications toanother computer, directly or through a data communications network.Examples of communications adapters useful in computers configured forusing unused wires on VLSI chips for power supply decoupling accordingto embodiments of the present invention include modems for wired dial-upcommunications, Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) adapters for wired datacommunications, and 802.11 adapters for wireless data communications.

FIGS. 2-6 show an exemplary system for using unused wires onvery-large-scale integration (VLSI) chips for power supply decouplingaccording to embodiments of the present invention. Specifically, FIGS.2-6 depict different stages in a process of efficiently placing vias toconnect power rails to floating wires in order to create additionalcapacitance on an integrated circuit. The process includes generating aVLSI chip design by: identifying floating wires in a VLSI chip, whereinthe floating wires are disconnected from power rails; placing a via ateach intersection between each floating wire and a power rail;determining a number of design rule violations for each via at eachintersection; resolving the design rule violations for each via not on amajor power rail, including keeping each via not on a major power railwith resolvable design rule violations and removing each via not on amajor power rail with unresolvable design rule violations; resolving thedesign rule violations for each via on a major power rail afterresolving the design rule violations for each via not on a major powerrail, including keeping each via on a major power rail with resolvabledesign rule violations and removing each via on a major power rail withunresolvable design rule violations; after resolving the design ruleviolations for each via on a major power rail, identifying floatingwires without a via; and for each floating wire without a via, identifyan intersection with a least number of design rule violations andresolve the number of design rule violations by removing adjacent viason adjacent wires.

Using unused wires on VLSI chips for power supply decoupling may alsoinclude generating a VLSI chip design by: identifying floating wires ina VLSI chip, wherein the floating wires are disconnected from powerrails and transistor gates/drains/sources; placing a via at eachintersection between each floating wire and a power rail to createdecoupling grid extensions; determining a number of design ruleviolations for each via at each intersection between these extensionsand the original power grid; resolving the design rule violations onvias between grid extensions that do not pass design rule checks bychanging the type (i.e. mask or size) of the via, and removing any viasbetween grid extensions that cannot be resolved; resolving the designrule violations for each via between a major power rail and a gridextension after resolving the design rule violations for each viabetween grid extensions by changing the type of the via, and removingeach via on a major power rail with unresolvable design rule violations;after resolving the design rule violations for each via on a major powerrail, identifying floating wires without a via; and for each floatingwire without a via, identify an intersection with a least number ofdesign rule violations and resolve the number of design rule violationsby removing adjacent vias on adjacent wires.

As shown in FIG. 2, the exemplary integrated circuit (200) includesthree power rails (major power rail (204), power rail A (202A), powerrail B (202B)), and eight floating wires (floating wire A (206A),floating wire B (206B), floating wire C (206C), floating wire D (206D),floating wire E (206E), floating wire F (206F), floating wire G (206G),floating wire H (206H)). The integrated circuit (200) may be a processorsuch as processor (156) in FIG. 1. The integrated circuit (200) may be aVLSI chip manufactured using semiconducting materials and millions oftransistors. Such a VLSI chip may be a self-aligned double patterning(SADP) integrated circuit in which wires (i.e., traces or shapes) areplaced throughout the integrated circuit whether or not the wires areutilized by the devices of the integrated circuit.

During the design process for SADP integrated circuits, wires are cut orsliced as required by the design. This process may leave some wiresdisconnected from any active circuit including power rails (major powerrail (204), power rail A (202A), power rail B (202B)). A floating wire(floating wire A (206A), floating wire B (206B), floating wire C (206C),floating wire D (206D), floating wire E (206E), floating wire F (206F),floating wire G (206G), floating wire H (206H)) is a wire disconnectedfrom a power rail (major power rail (204), power rail A (202A), powerrail B (202B)). Floating wires may also be disconnected from othercircuitry, such as transistor gates, drains, and sources. Floating wiresmay be unused by other elements on the integrated circuit. Floatingwires may be referred to as floating shapes or floating traces.

During the design process for non-SADP integrated circuits, floatingwires may be generated in locations on the VLSI chip requiring increaseddensity. In some modern computer chip design processes, providing aneven density on each of the layers improves manufacturability. Floatingwires may be generated in locations that lack other components so that,for example, during the polishing phase of manufacture, the surfacebeing polished is done so evenly.

The power rails (major power rail (204), power rail A (202A), power railB (202B)) are wires that carry a positive or negative supply voltage. Amajor power rail (204) is a wire that is part of the chip power gridprior to the addition of decoupling extensions. Power rails (ornon-major power rails) refer to decoupling extensions on the same layerof the major power rail that aids in connecting floating wires to therest of the power grid.

The power rails may exist on layers separate from layers hosting wiresand other components of the integrated circuit. As shown in FIGS. 2-6,the power rails (major power rail (204), power rail A (202A), power railB (202B)) are on layer separate and distinct from the layer upon whichthe floating wires (floating wire A (206A), floating wire B (206B),floating wire C (206C), floating wire D (206D), floating wire E (206E),floating wire F (206F), floating wire G (206G), floating wire H (206H))exist.

Because the wires on VLSI chips may be placed very close together (e.g.,20 nanometers), the wires may be used to generate capacitance byattaching adjacent wires or groups of wires to power and ground. Thiscapacitance may be used to increase decoupling capacitance for circuitstability and improved performance. Each floating wire to be used forcapacitance may be coupled to a power rail using at least one via. A viais a conductive connection between layers of an integrated circuit. Avia may be used to couple a floating wire to a power rail such that thefloating wire conducts the positive or negative supply voltage of thepower rail.

A via type refers to a permutation of via matrices and/or a size of thevia (or different masks in the case of multi-patterned via layers). Viasmay be placed using different processes. Vias placed using differentprocesses are referred to as different types (or colors) of vias. Viaplacement is subject to design rules (also referred to as ground rules).The design rules dictate how vias may be placed on the integratedcircuit. For example, design rules may dictate how closely two vias ofthe same type may be placed. For the purposes of the example of FIG.2-6, assume that there are two available via types (type 1 and type 2).

FIG. 2 shows the exemplary system at an initial stage in the process ofefficiently placing vias to connect power rails to floating wires inorder to create additional capacitance on an integrated circuit. Duringthe stage depicted in FIG. 2, the floating wires (floating wire A(206A), floating wire B (206B), floating wire C (206C), floating wire D(206D), floating wire E (206E), floating wire F (206F), floating wire G(206G), floating wire H (206H)) are identified. The floating wires mayalso be attributed to either power or ground. For the purposes of theexample process depicted in FIG. 2 through FIG. 6, assume that each ofthe floating wires shown have all been attributed to power or have allbeen attributed to ground.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary system for using unused wires on VLSI chipsfor power supply decoupling according to embodiments of the presentinvention. FIG. 3 shows the exemplary system at a stage in the processof efficiently placing vias to connect power rails to floating wires inorder to create additional capacitance on an integrated circuit. Duringthe stage depicted in FIG. 3, type 1 vias (type 1 via A (208A), type 1via B (208B), type 1 via C (208C), type 1 via D (208D), type 1 via E(208E), type 1 via F (208F), type 1 via G (208G), type 1 via H (208H),type 1 via J (208J), type 1 via K (208K), type 1 via L (208L), type 1via M (208M)) are placed at each intersection between each floating wire(floating wire A (206A), floating wire B (206B), floating wire C (206C),floating wire D (206D), floating wire E (206E), floating wire F (206F),floating wire G (206G), floating wire H (206H)) and power rail (majorpower rail (204), power rail A (202A), power rail B (202B)).

Once a via has been placed at each intersection between each floatingwire and power rail, a number of design rule violations for each via ateach intersection is determined. For the purposes of the example of FIG.2-6, assume that the design rules dictate that no two vias of the sametype may be horizontally adjacent to each other on power rail A (202A),power rail B (202B), or the major power rail (204). Further, assume thatno two vias of the same type may be vertically adjacent to each other onthe major power rail (204) and power rail B (202B).

In the exemplary integrated circuit of FIG. 3, type 1 via A (208A) hasone design rule violation for being horizontally adjacent to type 1 viaB (208B). Type 1 via B (208B) has two design rule violations for beinghorizontally adjacent to type 1 via A (208A) and type 1 via C (208C).Type 1 via C (208C) has two design rule violations for beinghorizontally adjacent to type 1 via B (208B) and type 1 via D (208D).Type 1 via D (208D) has one design rule violation for being horizontallyadjacent to type 1 via C (208C). Type 1 via E (208E) has two design ruleviolations for being vertically adjacent to type 1 via J (208J) andhorizontally adjacent to type 1 via F (208F). Type 1 via F (208F) hasthree design rule violations for being horizontally adjacent to type 1via E (208E) and type 1 via G (208G) and vertically adjacent to type 1via K (208K). Type 1 via G (208G) has three design rule violations forbeing horizontally adjacent to type 1 via F (208F) and type 1 via H(208H) and vertically adjacent to type 1 via L (208L). Type 1 via H(208H) has two design rule violations for being horizontally adjacent totype 1 via G (208G) and vertically adjacent to type 1 via M (208M). Type1 via J (208J) has two design rule violations for being verticallyadjacent to type 1 via E (208E) and horizontally adjacent to type 1 viaK (208K). Type 1 via K (208K) has three design rule violations for beinghorizontally adjacent to type 1 via J (208J) and type 1 via L (208L) andvertically adjacent to type 1 via F (208F). Type 1 via L (208L) hasthree design rule violations for being horizontally adjacent to type 1via K (208K) and type 1 via M (208M) and vertically adjacent to type 1via G (208G). Type 1 via M (208M) has two design rule violations forbeing horizontally adjacent to type 1 via L (208L) and verticallyadjacent to type 1 via H (208H).

FIG. 4 shows an exemplary system for using unused wires on VLSI chipsfor power supply decoupling according to embodiments of the presentinvention. FIG. 4 shows the exemplary system at a stage in the processof efficiently placing vias to connect power rails to floating wires inorder to create additional capacitance on an integrated circuit. Justbefore the stage depicted in FIG. 4, the design rule violations for eachvia not on a major power rail are resolved, including keeping each vianot on a major power rail with resolvable design rule violations andremoving each via not on a major power rail with unresolvable designrule violations.

The design rule violations have been resolved or removed in order of thevias with the greatest number of design rule violations to the leastnumber of design rule violations. Type 1 via K (208K) and type 1 via L(208L) are not on the major power rail (204) and each have three designrule violations. The design rule violations for type 1 via K (208K) areresolvable because changing type 1 via K (208K) to type 2 via K (210K)resolves all three design rule violations. The design rule violationsfor type 1 via L (208L) are not resolvable once type 2 via K (210K) isplaced horizontally adjacent to type 1 via L (208L), and type 1 via L(208L) is removed.

After the above actions are taken, type 1 via B (208B), type 1 via C(208C), and type 1 via J (208J) are not on the major power rail (204)and each have two design rule violations. The design rule violations fortype 1 via B (208B) are resolvable because changing type 1 via B (208B)to type 2 via B (210B) resolves both design rule violations. Type 1 viaC (208C) is left with only has one design rule violation. Type 1 via J(208J) is removed because a via of either type would be in violation ofa design rule.

After the above actions are taken, type 1 via C (208C), type 1 via D(208D), and type 1 via M (208M) are not on the major power rail (204)and each have one design rule violation. The design rule violations fortype 1 via C (208C) and type 1 via D (208D) are resolvable by changingtype 1 via D (208D) to type 2 via D (210D). The design rule violationfor type 1 via M (208M) is resolvable by changing type 1 via M (208M) totype 2 via M (210M). The result of the above actions is shown in FIG. 4.

Just before the stage depicted in FIG. 5, the design rule violations foreach via on a major power rail are resolved, including keeping each viaon a major power rail with resolvable design rule violations andremoving each via on a major power rail with unresolvable design ruleviolations. The design rule violations have been resolved or removed inorder of the vias with the greatest number of design rule violations tothe least number of design rule violations. Type 1 via F (208F) and type1 via G (208G) are on the major power rail (204) and each have twodesign rule violations. Type 1 via F (208F) is removed because a via ofeither type would be in violation of a design rule. The remaining designrule violation for type 1 via G (208G) is resolvable by changing type 1via G (208G) to type 2 via M (210G). After the above actions are taken,type 1 via E (208E) and type 1 via H (208H) no longer have design ruleviolations.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary system for using unused wires on VLSI chipsfor power supply decoupling according to embodiments of the presentinvention. FIG. 5 shows the exemplary system at a stage in the processof efficiently placing vias to connect power rails to floating wires inorder to create additional capacitance on an integrated circuit. Afterthe design rule violations for each via on a major power rail areresolved, any remaining floating wires without a via are identified. Asshown in FIG. 5, floating wire G (206G) remains without a via couplingfloating wire G (206G) to a power rail.

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary system for using unused wires on VLSI chipsfor power supply decoupling according to embodiments of the presentinvention. FIG. 6 shows the exemplary system at a stage in the processof efficiently placing vias to connect power rails to floating wires inorder to create additional capacitance on an integrated circuit. Justbefore the stage depicted in FIG. 6, an intersection on the remainingfloating wire (floating wire G (206G)) with the least number of designrule violations has been identified, and the design rule violations havebeen resolved by removing adjacent vias on adjacent wires. As shown inFIG. 5, floating wire A (206A) includes two vias (type 1 via A (208A)and type 1 via E (208E)). Type 1 via E (208E) is removed and type 1 viaJ (208J) is re-placed on floating wire G (206G). This action resolvesthe design rule violations for a via placed on floating wire G (206G)and leaves both floating wire A (206A) and floating wire G (206G) withat least one via connecting the wire to a power rail.

For further explanation, FIG. 7 sets forth a flow chart illustrating anexemplary method for using unused wires on very-large-scale integration(VLSI) chips for power supply decoupling according to embodiments of thepresent invention that includes generating a VLSI chip design.Specifically, FIG. 7 sets forth a flow chart that includes identifying(702) floating wires in a VLSI chip, wherein the floating wires aredisconnected from power rails. Identifying (702) floating wires in aVLSI chip, wherein the floating wires are disconnected from power railsmay be carried out by the VLSI chip generator (190) checking whethereach contiguous wire (i.e., trace or shape) is coupled to at least onepower rail. The contiguous wires not coupled to at least one power railare identified as floating wires.

The VLSI chip generator (190) is hardware, software, or an aggregationof hardware and software that generates a VLSI chip design. The VLSIchip generator (190) may also manufacture a VLSI chip based on the VLSIchip design.

Once identified, the floating wires in the VLSI chip may then beattributed between power and ground. Specifically, adjacent floatingwires (or groups of floating wires) are assigned to either power orground such that only intersections between the floating wire and theattributed power or ground rails are considered for via placement.Attributing adjacent floating wires (or groups of floating wires)between power and ground creates a capacitance that may be used asdecoupling capacitance for the integrated circuit.

The method of FIG. 7 further includes placing (704) a via at eachintersection between each floating wire and a power rail. Placing (704)a via at each intersection between each floating wire and a power railmay be carried out by the VLSI chip generator (190) identifying eachintersection between a floating wire and a major or non-major power railfor either power or ground (depending on which was attributed to theparticular floating wire). Once each intersection is identified, a viais placed at the intersection. Initially, vias the of the same type maybe placed at each intersection.

The method of FIG. 7 further includes determining (706) a number ofdesign rule violations for each via at each intersection. Determining(706) a number of design rule violations for each via at eachintersection may be carried out by the VLSI chip generator (190)evaluating the placement of each via and determining whether the viaviolates one or more design rules. The design rules dictate how vias maybe placed on the integrated circuit. The design rules may specify aminimum distance between two vias (or two vias of the same type) beforethe vias are not compatible with a manufacturing process of the vias.

The method of FIG. 7 further includes resolving (708) the design ruleviolations for each via not on a major power rail, including keepingeach via not on a major power rail with resolvable design ruleviolations and removing each via not on a major power rail withunresolvable design rule violations. Resolving (708) the design ruleviolations for each via not on a major power rail, including keepingeach via not on a major power rail with resolvable design ruleviolations and removing each via not on a major power rail withunresolvable design rule violations may be carried out by the VLSI chipgenerator (190) evaluating each via with design rule violations anddetermining whether the design rule violations are resolvable or, if notresolvable, removing the via. Determining whether a design ruleviolation is resolvable may be carried out by altering the via placed atthe intersection and determining if any design rule violations remain.Altering the via placed at the intersection may include changing a typeof via placed at the intersection.

The design rule violations for vias not on a major power rail may beresolved before the design rule violations for vias on a major powerrail. This ordering may result in more vias kept on the major powerrails as resolving the design rule violations for vias not on a majorpower rail may result in the resolution of some design rule violationsfor vias on major power rails.

The method of FIG. 7 further includes resolving (710) the design ruleviolations for each via on a major power rail after resolving the designrule violations for each via not on a major power rail, includingkeeping each via on a major power rail with resolvable design ruleviolations and removing each via on a major power rail with unresolvabledesign rule violations. Resolving (710) the design rule violations foreach via on a major power rail after resolving the design ruleviolations for each via not on a major power rail, including keepingeach via on a major power rail with resolvable design rule violationsand removing each via on a major power rail with unresolvable designrule violations may be carried out by the VLSI chip generator (190)evaluating each via with design rule violations and determining whetherthe design rule violations are resolvable or, if not resolvable,removing the via. Determining whether a design rule violation isresolvable may be carried out by altering the via placed at theintersection and determining if any design rule violations remain.Altering the via placed at the intersection may include changing a typeof via placed at the intersection.

The method of FIG. 7 further includes, after resolving the design ruleviolations for each via on a major power rail, identifying (712)floating wires without a via. Identifying (712) floating wires without avia may be carried out by the VLSI chip generator (190) checking whethereach contiguous wire is coupled to at least one power rail using a via.Identifying (712) floating wires without a via may be done afterresolving the design rule violations for each via not on a major powerrail and resolving the design rule violations for each via on a majorpower rail.

The method of FIG. 7 further includes, for each floating wire without avia, identify (714) an intersection with a least number of design ruleviolations and resolve the number of design rule violations by removingadjacent vias on adjacent wires. Identifying (714), for each floatingwire without a via, an intersection with a least number of design ruleviolations and resolving the number of design rule violations byremoving adjacent vias on adjacent wires may be carried out by the VLSIchip generator (190) placing a via at each intersection of the floatingwire and determining the design rule violations. The VLSI chip generator(190) may then determine which vias create the fewest number of designrule violations as compared to the other vias.

Once the via or vias with the least number of design rule violations isdetermined, the via may be placed at the intersection and adjacent viasmay be removed until no design rule violations remain. The VLSI chipgenerator (190) may attempt to remove the fewest number of adjacent viasin order to resolve the design rule violations. Adjacent vias may beremoved by first determining whether an adjacent via is on a wire thatincludes at least one other via coupling the wire to a power rail. Ifthe adjacent via is on a wire that includes at least one other viacoupling the wire to a power rail, then removing the adjacent via willnot result in the adjacent wire becoming a floating wire. Vias that donot result in the adjacent wire becoming a floating wire may be removedfirst in order to resolve the design rule violations.

Identifying (714) an intersection with a least number of design ruleviolations and resolving the number of design rule violations byremoving adjacent vias on adjacent wires may be carried out using a datastructure to store an identifier of each intersection and via associatedwith the number of design rule violations for that via and intersection.The data structure may be ordered to determine the via and intersectionwith the fewest number of design rule violations, and resolving thedesign rule violations may be attempted based on the order of the datastructure.

Once the design rule violations have been resolved by removing adjacentvias on adjacent wires, the VLSI chip generator (190) may check theresulting VLSI chip design for remaining intersections without vias. TheVLSI chip generator (190) may determine whether a via of any type may beplaced at the intersection without creating a design rule violation. Ifa via of a particular type placed at a currently unoccupied intersectiondoes not result in a design rule violation, then a via of that type maybe placed at the intersection. For example, the VLSI chip generator(190) may discover an intersection without a via, and the intersectionmay be surrounded by type 2 vias. The VLSI chip generator (190) mayplace a type 1 via at the intersection and verify that the placementdoes not create any design rule violations.

After generating the VLSI chip design, the VLSI chip generator (190) mayinitiate a manufacturing of the VLSI chip based on the VLSI chip design.Specifically, the VLSI chip generator (190) may use the VLSI chip designto initiate the fabrication of a VLSI chip on a semiconductor, such aslayers of silicon wafers.

The above-described limitations improve the operation of the computersystem by increasing the decoupling capacitance of an integratedcircuit. This is accomplished by utilizing unused floating wires forcapacitance on the integrated circuit. Specifically, the above-describedlimitations efficiently place vias to connect power rails to floatingwires in order to create additional capacitance on an integratedcircuit.

For further explanation, FIG. 8 sets forth a flow chart illustrating afurther exemplary method for using unused wires on VLSI chips for powersupply decoupling according to embodiments of the present invention thatincludes generating a VLSI chip design by: identifying (702) floatingwires in a VLSI chip, wherein the floating wires are disconnected frompower rails; placing (704) a via at each intersection between eachfloating wire and a power rail; determining (706) a number of designrule violations for each via at each intersection; resolving (708) thedesign rule violations for each via not on a major power rail, includingkeeping each via not on a major power rail with resolvable design ruleviolations and removing each via not on a major power rail withunresolvable design rule violations; resolving (710) the design ruleviolations for each via on a major power rail after resolving the designrule violations for each via not on a major power rail, includingkeeping each via on a major power rail with resolvable design ruleviolations and removing each via on a major power rail with unresolvabledesign rule violations; after resolving the design rule violations foreach via on a major power rail, identifying (712) floating wires withouta via; and for each floating wire without a via, identify (714) anintersection with a least number of design rule violations and resolvethe number of design rule violations by removing adjacent vias onadjacent wires.

The method of FIG. 8 differs from the method of FIG. 7, however, in thatresolving (708) the design rule violations for each via not on a majorpower rail, including keeping each via not on a major power rail withresolvable design rule violations and removing each via not on a majorpower rail with unresolvable design rule violations includes determining(802) that altering a type of via placed at the intersection resolvesthe design rule violations; and altering the type of via placed at theintersection. Determining (802) that altering a type of via placed atthe intersection resolves the design rule violations; and altering thetype of via placed at the intersection may be carried out by the VLSIchip generator (190) replacing the via at the intersection with a via ofa different type and re-evaluating the design rule violations for thevia at the intersection. If the design rule violations are resolved byaltering the type of via at the intersection, then the via of thedetermined type is placed at the intersection.

The via type may refer to the size of via. The via type may also Eachrefer to a via that will be manufactured using a different process (i.e.mask). Specifically, vias of each type are vias added to the integratedcircuit during one process of manufacture. For example, vias of a firsttype may be created using one pass of a light drawing process on theintegrated circuit, and vias of a second type may be created using asecond pass of the light drawing process.

Different types of vias may have different design rules. For examples,vias of one type may be no closer than 20 nanometers apart, while viasof another type may be no closer than 100 nanometers apart. Further,design rules may also specify how closely vias of different types may beplaced. For example, design rules may specify that one type of via maybe no closer than 30 nanometers from a via of another type.

The method of FIG. 8 also differs from the method of FIG. 7, however, inthat resolving (710) the design rule violations for each via on a majorpower rail after resolving the design rule violations for each via noton a major power rail, including keeping each via on a major power railwith resolvable design rule violations and removing each via on a majorpower rail with unresolvable design rule violations includes determining(804) that altering a type of via placed at the intersection resolvesthe design rule violations; and altering the type of via placed at theintersection. As in the steps described with regard to step 802,determining (804) that altering a type of via placed at the intersectionresolves the design rule violations; and altering the type of via placedat the intersection may be carried out by the VLSI chip generator (190)replacing the via at the intersection with a via of a different type andre-evaluating the design rule violations for the via at theintersection. If the design rule violations are resolved by altering thetype of via at the intersection, then the via of the determined type isplaced at the intersection.

For further explanation, FIG. 9 sets forth a flow chart illustrating afurther exemplary method for using unused wires on VLSI chips for powersupply decoupling according to embodiments of the present invention thatincludes generating a VLSI chip design by: identifying (702) floatingwires in a VLSI chip, wherein the floating wires are disconnected frompower rails; placing (704) a via at each intersection between eachfloating wire and a power rail; determining (706) a number of designrule violations for each via at each intersection; resolving (708) thedesign rule violations for each via not on a major power rail, includingkeeping each via not on a major power rail with resolvable design ruleviolations and removing each via not on a major power rail withunresolvable design rule violations; resolving (710) the design ruleviolations for each via on a major power rail after resolving the designrule violations for each via not on a major power rail, includingkeeping each via on a major power rail with resolvable design ruleviolations and removing each via on a major power rail with unresolvabledesign rule violations; after resolving the design rule violations foreach via on a major power rail, identifying (712) floating wires withouta via; and for each floating wire without a via, identify (714) anintersection with a least number of design rule violations and resolvethe number of design rule violations by removing adjacent vias onadjacent wires.

The method of FIG. 9 differs from the method of FIG. 7, however, in thatresolving (708) the design rule violations for each via not on a majorpower rail, including keeping each via not on a major power rail withresolvable design rule violations and removing each via not on a majorpower rail with unresolvable design rule violations includes resolving(902) the design rule violations for each via not on a major power railin order of the vias with a greatest number of design rule violations toa least number of design rule violations. Resolving (902) the designrule violations for each via not on a major power rail in order of thevias with a greatest number of design rule violations to a least numberof design rule violations may be carried out by the VLSI chip generator(190) creating a priority list of the vias based on the number of designrule violations and resolving the design rule violations for the via orvias with the greatest number of design rule violations before resolvingthe design rule violations for the via or vias with a lesser number ofdesign rule violations.

The method of FIG. 9 also differs from the method of FIG. 7, however, inthat resolving (710) the design rule violations for each via on a majorpower rail after resolving the design rule violations for each via noton a major power rail, including keeping each via on a major power railwith resolvable design rule violations and removing each via on a majorpower rail with unresolvable design rule violations includes resolving(904) the design rule violations for each via on a major power rail inorder of the vias with a greatest number of design rule violations to aleast number of design rule violations. As in the steps described withregard to step 902, resolving (904) the design rule violations for eachvia on a major power rail in order of the vias with a greatest number ofdesign rule violations to a least number of design rule violations maybe carried out by the VLSI chip generator (190) creating a priority listof the vias based on the number of design rule violations and resolvingthe design rule violations for the via or vias with the greatest numberof design rule violations before resolving the design rule violationsfor the via or vias with a lesser number of design rule violations.

In view of the explanations set forth above, readers will recognize thatthe benefits of using unused wires on VLSI chips for power supplydecoupling according to embodiments of the present invention include:

-   -   Improving the operation of a computing system by increasing the        decoupling capacitance of the integrated circuit, increasing        circuit stability and improving performance.    -   Improving the operation of a computing system by maximizing the        number of floating wires connected to power rails by placing as        many vias at intersections between floating wires and power        rails as the design rules allow, increasing circuit stability        and improving performance.

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described largely inthe context of a fully functional computer system for using unused wireson VLSI chips for power supply decoupling. Readers of skill in the artwill recognize, however, that the present invention also may be embodiedin a computer program product disposed upon computer readable storagemedia for use with any suitable data processing system. Such computerreadable storage media may be any storage medium for machine-readableinformation, including magnetic media, optical media, or other suitablemedia. Examples of such media include magnetic disks in hard drives ordiskettes, compact disks for optical drives, magnetic tape, and othersas will occur to those of skill in the art. Persons skilled in the artwill immediately recognize that any computer system having suitableprogramming means will be capable of executing the steps of the methodof the invention as embodied in a computer program product. Personsskilled in the art will recognize also that, although some of theexemplary embodiments described in this specification are oriented tosoftware installed and executing on computer hardware, nevertheless,alternative embodiments implemented as firmware or as hardware are wellwithin the scope of the present invention.

The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computerprogram product. The computer program product may include a computerreadable storage medium (or media) having computer readable programinstructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of thepresent invention.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present invention may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in anycombination of one or more programming languages, including an objectoriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, andconventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C”programming language or similar programming languages. The computerreadable program instructions may execute entirely on the user'scomputer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone softwarepackage, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computeror entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario,the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide areanetwork (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example,programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), orprogrammable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readableprogram instructions by utilizing state information of the computerreadable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry,in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of theorder noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instructions.

It will be understood from the foregoing description that modificationsand changes may be made in various embodiments of the present inventionwithout departing from its true spirit. The descriptions in thisspecification are for purposes of illustration only and are not to beconstrued in a limiting sense. The scope of the present invention islimited only by the language of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of using unused wires onvery-large-scale integration (VLSI) chips for power supply decoupling,the method comprising: generating a VLSI chip design by: identifyingfloating wires in a VLSI chip, wherein the floating wires aredisconnected from power rails; placing a via at each intersectionbetween each floating wire and a power rail; determining a number ofdesign rule violations for each via at each intersection; resolving thedesign rule violations for each via not on a major power rail, includingkeeping each via not on a major power rail with resolvable design ruleviolations and removing each via not on a major power rail withunresolvable design rule violations; resolving the design ruleviolations for each via on a major power rail after resolving the designrule violations for each via not on a major power rail, includingkeeping each via on a major power rail with resolvable design ruleviolations and removing each via on a major power rail with unresolvabledesign rule violations; after resolving the design rule violations foreach via on a major power rail, identifying floating wires without avia; and for each floating wire without a via, identify an intersectionwith a least number of design rule violations and resolve the number ofdesign rule violations by removing adjacent vias on adjacent wires. 2.The method of claim 1, further comprising manufacturing the VLSI chipusing the VLSI chip design.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein keepingeach via not on a major power rail with a resolvable design ruleviolation comprises: determining that altering a type of via placed atthe intersection resolves the design rule violations; and altering thetype of via placed at the intersection, and wherein keeping each via ona major power rail with a resolvable design rule violation comprises:determining that altering a type of via placed at the intersectionresolves the design rule violations; and altering the type of via placedat the intersection.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein resolving thedesign rule violations for each via not on a major power rail comprisesresolving the design rule violations for each via not on a major powerrail in order of the vias with a greatest number of design ruleviolations to a least number of design rule violations, and whereinresolving the design rule violations for each via on a major power railcomprises resolving the design rule violations for each via on a majorpower rail in order of the vias with a greatest number of design ruleviolations to a least number of design rule violations.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein identifying floating wires in a VLSI chip comprisesattributing the floating wires between power and ground.
 6. The methodof claim 1, wherein the VLSI chip is a self-aligned double patterningchip.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying floating wires in aVLSI chip comprises generating floating wires in locations on the VLSIchip requiring increased density.
 8. An apparatus for using unused wireson VLSI chips for power supply decoupling, the apparatus comprising acomputer processor, a computer memory operatively coupled to thecomputer processor, the computer memory having disposed within itcomputer program instructions that, when executed by the computerprocessor, cause the apparatus to carry out the steps of: generating aVLSI chip design by: identifying floating wires in a VLSI chip, whereinthe floating wires are disconnected from power rails; placing a via ateach intersection between each floating wire and a power rail;determining a number of design rule violations for each via at eachintersection; resolving the design rule violations for each via not on amajor power rail, including keeping each via not on a major power railwith resolvable design rule violations and removing each via not on amajor power rail with unresolvable design rule violations; resolving thedesign rule violations for each via on a major power rail afterresolving the design rule violations for each via not on a major powerrail, including keeping each via on a major power rail with resolvabledesign rule violations and removing each via on a major power rail withunresolvable design rule violations; after resolving the design ruleviolations for each via on a major power rail, identifying floatingwires without a via; and for each floating wire without a via, identifyan intersection with a least number of design rule violations andresolve the number of design rule violations by removing adjacent viason adjacent wires.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the computerprogram instructions further cause the apparatus to carry out the stepof: manufacturing the VLSI chip using the VLSI chip design.
 10. Theapparatus of claim 8, wherein keeping each via not on a major power railwith a resolvable design rule violation comprises: determining thataltering a type of via placed at the intersection resolves the designrule violations; and altering the type of via placed at theintersection, and wherein keeping each via on a major power rail with aresolvable design rule violation comprises: determining that altering atype of via placed at the intersection resolves the design ruleviolations; and altering the type of via placed at the intersection. 11.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein resolving the design rule violationsfor each via not on a major power rail comprises resolving the designrule violations for each via not on a major power rail in order of thevias with a greatest number of design rule violations to a least numberof design rule violations, and wherein resolving the design ruleviolations for each via on a major power rail comprises resolving thedesign rule violations for each via on a major power rail in order ofthe vias with a greatest number of design rule violations to a leastnumber of design rule violations.
 12. The apparatus of claim 8, whereinidentifying floating wires in a VLSI chip comprises attributing thefloating wires between power and ground.
 13. The apparatus of claim 8,wherein the VLSI chip is a self-aligned double patterning chip.
 14. Theapparatus of claim 8, wherein identifying floating wires in a VLSI chipcomprises generating floating wires in locations on the VLSI chiprequiring increased density.
 15. A computer program product for usingunused wires on VLSI chips for power supply decoupling, the computerprogram product disposed upon a computer readable medium, the computerprogram product comprising computer program instructions that, whenexecuted, cause a computer to carry out the steps of: generating a VLSIchip design by: identifying floating wires in a VLSI chip, wherein thefloating wires are disconnected from power rails; placing a via at eachintersection between each floating wire and a power rail; determining anumber of design rule violations for each via at each intersection;resolving the design rule violations for each via not on a major powerrail, including keeping each via not on a major power rail withresolvable design rule violations and removing each via not on a majorpower rail with unresolvable design rule violations; resolving thedesign rule violations for each via on a major power rail afterresolving the design rule violations for each via not on a major powerrail, including keeping each via on a major power rail with resolvabledesign rule violations and removing each via on a major power rail withunresolvable design rule violations; after resolving the design ruleviolations for each via on a major power rail, identifying floatingwires without a via; and for each floating wire without a via, identifyan intersection with a least number of design rule violations andresolve the number of design rule violations by removing adjacent viason adjacent wires.
 16. The computer program product of claim 15, whereinthe computer program instructions further cause the computer to carryout the step of: manufacturing the VLSI chip using the VLSI chip design.17. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein keeping each vianot on a major power rail with a resolvable design rule violationcomprises: determining that altering a type of via placed at theintersection resolves the design rule violations; and altering the typeof via placed at the intersection, and wherein keeping each via on amajor power rail with a resolvable design rule violation comprises:determining that altering a type of via placed at the intersectionresolves the design rule violations; and altering the type of via placedat the intersection.
 18. The computer program product of claim 15,wherein resolving the design rule violations for each via not on a majorpower rail comprises resolving the design rule violations for each vianot on a major power rail in order of the vias with a greatest number ofdesign rule violations to a least number of design rule violations, andwherein resolving the design rule violations for each via on a majorpower rail comprises resolving the design rule violations for each viaon a major power rail in order of the vias with a greatest number ofdesign rule violations to a least number of design rule violations. 19.The computer program product of claim 15, wherein identifying floatingwires in a VLSI chip comprises attributing the floating wires betweenpower and ground.
 20. The computer program product of claim 15, whereinthe VLSI chip is a self-aligned double patterning chip.